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Cancer is a major threat to the health of human beings and is one of the leading causes of death. Metastasis is a key character in the advanced stage of cancer, therefore it is essential in clinical use to find a marker indicating the development of metastasis in the tissues of cancer patient. The research shows that Synuclein-g (SNCG) is a reliable and sensitive indicator in determining the stage of metastasis in cancer. It is a member of a neuronal protein family synuclein, this group of proteins is abundantly expressed in brain tissues. We have studied that SNCG is abnormally expressed in a high proportion (67.5%) of tumor tissues in variable cancer types, such as liver, esophagus, lung, prostate, cervical, and breast cancer, but the expression in tumor-matched non-neoplastic adjacent tissues is pretty low(0.6%). The SNCG proteins expressed in different types of cancer all display stage specific patterns of very low expression in stage I and high expression in stages II to IV.
An Immunohistochemical assay has been developed to detect the SNCG in the sample of tumor tissue and tumor-matched non-neoplastic adjacent tissue. The results reveal that in 160 samples of tumor tissues, there are nearly 67.5% of samples with staining of SNCG protein exclusively in their malignant cells at different expression levels and varies depend on the types of cancer. In contrast, only 0.6% of the tumor matched nonneoplastic adjacent tissue from the same patient group has detected the labeled antibody.